The Definitive Guide to Webblocking and Screen-Time limits
A step-by-step procedure for full and effective self-regulation on all your devices.
This post provides an advanced step-by-step method for installing, activating and managing website blocking and Screen-Time limiting tools. I offer first a little personal story to add context in how this all came to be and why... but feel to jump down to the header “The Definitive Guide to Webblocking” to get straight to the method.
The clerk at the computer store looked at me funny.
A guy coming in once to buy the plug segment of a laptop charger is normal—gotta be wear and tear. Twice?—ok, maybe he has a mischievous pet at home that likes to chew wires. But four times in as many months?—something’s definitely up with this guy.
Indeed, there was, but luckily the shop owner never prodded. I would have been super embarrassed and I’d have muttered some awkward lie about building some electronic contraption thing.
So why exactly was I a frequent buyer of laptop charger parts?
Well, it’s because I kept cutting them. On purpose. With scissors.
And this cutting cycle was as predictable as clockwork. Here's how it would go, over and over.
Step 0. Realize I’m wasting way too much time on the internet. Realize that I just can’t rely on my self-control to moderate myself. Realize I need to completely cut it out—for one whole month!—all the addictive time wasting sites like YouTube and Reddit. I needed to reset my internal system and allow the time for that to happen.
Side note: as much as I wanted to banish those sites forever and ever, I knew I needed them eventually. At the time, I aspired to run a YouTube channel and had the intention of contributing to several communities on Reddit. I figured if could spend a solid 30 days without those sites, the compulsions would lessen, and I’d be able to leverage those for my purposes.
Step 1. Install a webblocker. I’d use ColdTurkey on my computer and Screen-Time limits on my phone. I’d write the passwords for these in an email, then I’d use the website futureme.org to send them back to myself in a month.
Step 2. For the first few days, I’d be good; great even. It’s legit liberating to know you can’t go on time-gobbling sites that lead to binges, then had me feeling like the worst human ever.
Step 3. A week or so in I’d be better than great. I'd be excellent. I was a new, recharged human. Full of creative ideas—busting at the seams with video ideas and clever marketing tactics. No freaking way I could wait the remaining 23 days for me to receive those dang passwords. I needed them now.
Step 4. With superhuman levels of self-confidence that declared what could possibly go wrong? I’d save all my important docs on a USB key, then I’d reformat my electronics back to their factory settings to wipe them clean of all blocks.
Step 5. I’d be good, for a while, until I’d rationalize a little front page Reddit for a minute—because why not? It’s not like that site was legit ruining my life since 2007 or anything…/s—from there, the feedback loop would kick off, and a day or two later, I was back to bingeing like an itchy meth addict, chasing that next blue link that could maybe, hopefully, c'mon maaan I needs it, provide a hit of titillation.
Step 6. In a fit of rage and self-contempt, I’d chastise myself for not just letting the 30 days elapse like I had promised. I raged that I couldn’t trust myself, not even a little. My only option was to go nuclear, to render my computer unusable. I’d grab some scissors, and with a devilish grin, I'd cut the damn charger wire and sit there waiting for the battery to die out.
Step 7. After a few days later, my nerves would calm and I’d get a moment of clarity that... sigh... I was pursuing my dreams and indeed it was going to be hard. I needed my computer to do my writing—I needed to keep it offline for now. I just needed to not override the dang 30 days.
Step 8. I’d take the metro to the computer store to rebuy the part I cut (hello, it's me again, can I get a... yeah, that's the one), and upon booting the computer for the first time, I’d carefully—like a bomb defuser fiddling with the wires of a live explosive—I’d be back at step 1, reinstalling the webblocker and sending future me the passwords.
…
They might not all have had drastic steps like cutting wires, but I’ve gone through similar cycles many dozen times over the years. I know this because I recently discovered you could see a list of you past futureme.org messages. Here’s a screenshot (https://ibb.co/xsxkgS9) and it scrolls down for a while, in case you’d like to delight in knowing that at least one person out there is worst—much worst—than you are.
I honestly had no grasp at how freaking bad this was, at how much of a repeating pattern this was in my life. No bueno.
Anyway. I haven’t given up on Webblockers—indeed I consider them absolutely indispensable in our day and age of hyper-addictive websites and social media apps—but my perspective has changed.
I was just using them wrong; chances are you are too. For example, the Futureme.org system was clearly not working. So I went back to the drawing board and established the exact criteria my webblocking system had to satisfy—and worked my way backwards, finding ways to satisfy those criteria, and eliminating the inevitable bugs and work-around.
So without further ramblings, here is…
The Definitive Guide to Webblocking
Notes/disclaimors:
I use a windows PC and Apple mobile devices. I will provide the process for those systems as well as some basics for Android. If you have an Apple computer, most steps should be the same as with Windows, unless noted otherwise.
(optional) I am someone that needs to block porn. You may not be, but if you are I’ve included a fail-safe system.
(optional) This process includes the possibility of limiting/controlling the time you can access your videogames.
This is what I’ve developed after many trial and error rounds, many occasions of finding bugs/work-arounds and figuring out ways to squash those bugs. This works for me—someone with a severe addiction to media—and may seem complicated or overkill for you. You can go ahead and skip some of the steps; yet if it stops working for you, know that you can come back and try again.
At the end of the day, no system is 100% iron-clad failsafe—and you make it as such, you might find yourself tempted to reformat your device, as I did before. Just remember that these webblockers are tools… or more like band-aids to stop the bleeding. So it goes without saying that you still need to do the work to deal with the core of your issues; the why in your why do I find myself with the urges and impulses and tendency for binges?
In whatever form your journey takes—and I sincerely recommend it’s done with the guidance and support of a professional—remember that self-compassion is key. You’re not perfect, nobody is; what’s important is that you learn from your mistakes, make incremental improvements to your environment and systems to prevent it from happening again, then moving on and trying again, this time a little more smarter and better equipped.
Finally, to make it clear exactly what we want to achieve with our tech blocking tools, we need to first establish the criteria.
The 6 essential criteria of a working webblocking ecosystem.
1. Both your computers and mobile devices must have password-based blocking systems. There must be no way to circumvent these without the password.
For example, if chrome extension blockers work for you, great… but they’re much to easy to disable.
2. The Password should be stored in an accessible—but not too accessible—place.
It should be written in on paper, kept in an envelope.
Keep it far from your workstation. I store mine in a hidden compartment in the truck of my car.
It’s important to have access. You don’t want to run in the situation where you need to make a change but can’t. That was my error before, thus why I’d often resort to reformatting my devices to eradicate the blocks.
It’s best to use a single password for all blocks and systems.
3. To maximize productivity, your workstation computer should have three user accounts.
A main account where the internet is totally blocked, except for a list of websites that you absolutely need for your important/focused work (what’s know as your “Deep Work”).
A Shallow-work account you can switch into, with open-ish internet access, yet still well restricted for the time wasting sites. I use this to check my email, Discord groups, do online shopping etc.
A Vice account. Log onto this for less restricted leisure time. For me, I use this for YouTube and Instagram, and it’s only available on Tuesdays and Saturdays for 30 minutes.
4. For us Redditors: the system needs to block the front page of Reddit (r/ all, r/ popular…) and it’s time wasting subreddits, while enabling access to your user page and useful subreddits.
5. You need 5 to 15 minute of daily free access to YouTube on mobile.
This is for when you want to check a recipe, a how-to for something, etc.
6. (If applicable) blocking porn needs to go beyond merely blocking a list of sites.
You need to block the capacity to search for it; which is tricky but doable.
The step-by step process for Personal computers
Write on your password paper a 12 digit or so password. Make it random mix of letters, numbers, symbols.
Create 2 new user accounts, name them something like “Shallow Work” and “Vice Account”.
To keep this from getting too bloated, I’ll leave it to you to figure this out with some Googling.
Install ColdTurkey blocker software (google it). Pay for the pro version.
I am not in any way affiliated with the maker; the software just works really well, and provides all the features you’ll need.
Make sure you add the required extensions for the browser you use.
In Settings → Blocking, enable “block unsupported browsers” and “block supported browsers if extension crashes”. The rest can be kept as is.
There’s a well made documentation for the software; I suggest you take a look as it could prove useful for things like syntax for special keyword blocks. https://getcoldturkey.com/support/user-guide/
In ColdTurkey, go to Blocks. Click “+ Add a new block”
a. In Website, write [*.*]: This blocks the entire internet. :|
b. In Website Exceptions, add all the websites you need for your Deep Work. For me, a writer, I have sites like dictionary.com, read.amazon.ca… but not gmail.com.
c. Save it as “All Internet – main account”
d. Hover over the title of the Block; you should see a little man figure. Click it. Then set “The Following users only” to your main account.
e. Click “Unlocked”, then “Password” then set your Password from step 1.
f. Click the switch icon to activate the block. Click “Lock with password”.
Go to Blocks. Click “+ Add a new block”
a. In websites, add all your time wasting sites.
A fast way to do this is to click Import→website categories→then add the categories that suit. Go through the list, add/remove as needed. Reddit.com should be there.
b. If you want to enable a regulated Reddit, make sure reddit.com is in the blocked website list, then go to Website Exceptions, then add [reddit.com/X] where X is whatever subreddit or subdomain needed. Go to https://www.reddit.com/subreddits for your current subs. For me (username checks out) I have…
reddit.com/chat
reddit.com/message
reddit.com/r/decidingtobebetter
reddit.com/r/depression
reddit.com/r/entrepreneur
reddit.com/r/getdisciplined
reddit.com/r/getmotivated
reddit.com/r/help
reddit.com/r/nofap
reddit.com/r/nosurf
reddit.com/r/productivity
reddit.com/user/* ← the * symbol means 'any text' and so allows me to go to any user’s profile, including my own.
c. Save it as “Limited Internet – shallow-work account”
d. Hover over the title of the Block; you should see a man figure. Click it. Then set “The Following users only” to your Shallow-Work account.
e. Follow the procedure to activate the block with the same password.
To permit timed/occasional access to certain sites"
a. Go to Blocks. Click “+ Add a new block”
b. In Website, write [*.*]
c. In Website Exceptions, add all the websites you want to be able to use on those rare occasions. For me, I have Youtube.com, Instagram.com, Reddit.com/r/videos and a few news sites.
d. Save it as “Vice sites only – Vice account”
e. Hover over the title of the Block; you should see a little man figure. Click it. Then set “The Following users only” to your Vice account.
f. Follow the procedure to activate the block with the same password.
g. Click “+ Add a new block”
h. In Website, write [*.*]
i. Save it as “Vice account locking period”
j. Hover over the title of the Block; you should see a little man figure. Click it. Then set “The Following users only” to your Vice account.
k. Click “Continuous Block”, select “Block this list according to the following schedule”.
l. Select the times you do not want to have access to these sites. For me, I select the entire days of Sunday, Monday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday; leaving Tuesdays and Saturdays fully unblocked.
m. Follow the procedure to activate the block with the same password.
n. Go to the setting page, go to the Blocking tab. For “Action to take when entering Frozen Turkey” make sure it’s set to “Sign-Out”.
o. Go back to the Blocks page, go to the Frozen Turkey tab on the top.
p. Click “Continuous Block”, select “Block this list according to the following schedule”.
q. Select any random time slot to open a pop-up. Select all times: Sunday to Saturday, 12am to 12am
r. Click Breaks. Do allowance. Set to 60 minutes (or whatever time limit you want to use).
s. Hover over the name, click the man icon. Then set “The Following users only” to your Vice account. This is optional, but you can also set the limit to the Shallow-work account. This forces you to be efficient and not spend too long on unimportant tasks.
t. Follow the procedure to activate Frozen Turkey with the same password.
If you want to block/limit a videogame, it’s pretty straightforward with ColdTurkey
a. Create a new block.
b. In “Applications”, add the .exe file of your game.
c. Either click and modify "Continuous block" to schedule access" or "No breaks" to allow a fixed daily time limit.
d. Lock the block with the password.
Porn blocking on a PC.
Start a new block in Cold-Turkey
Click Import→ Website categories → porn
Make sure all the sites you know are on this list. Add them if not.
Follow the procedure to activate the block with the same password.
You can stop there, but problem is, you can still search for porn, and there are countless new sites popping up each day. So you need to A) enforce Google’s Safe Search and make it unremovable and B) make sure you can’t use a different search engine. The process that follows is for Windows OS. Similar procedures are provided for Mac and Linux here https://support.google.com/websearch/answer/186669#zippy=
5. go to https://www.google.com/safesearch, turn on Explicit results filter. Close the window
6. Click the Windows icon (or tap the windows key), type cmd and open Command Prompt.
a. Enter the command "ping forcesafesearch.google.com" and copy the IP address. The IP address will look something like: 123.456.78.900.
b. Click again the windows icon, type notepad, right click it and open as administrator.
c. Click open and go to C:\Windows\System32\drivers\etc. At the bottom right, change "Text Documents (*.txt)" to "All files (*.*)". Open the file 'hosts'.
d. At the bottom of the text file, add a line with the IP and each google country domain. You can just copy and paste this at the bottom of the text file (replace XXX with the IP address):
#these forces safesearch in Google
XXX.XXX.XX.XXX www.Google.com
XXX.XXX.XX.XXX www.google.co.jp
XXX.XXX.XX.XXX www.google.co.uk
XXX.XXX.XX.XXX www.google.es
XXX.XXX.XX.XXX www.google.ca
XXX.XXX.XX.XXX www.google.de
XXX.XXX.XX.XXX www.google.it
XXX.XXX.XX.XXX www.google.fr
XXX.XXX.XX.XXX www.google.com.au
XXX.XXX.XX.XXX www.google.com.tw
XXX.XXX.XX.XXX www.google.nl
XXX.XXX.XX.XXX www.google.com.br
XXX.XXX.XX.XXX www.google.com.tr
XXX.XXX.XX.XXX www.google.be
XXX.XXX.XX.XXX www.google.com.gr
XXX.XXX.XX.XXX www.google.co.in
XXX.XXX.XX.XXX www.google.com.mx
XXX.XXX.XX.XXX www.google.dk
XXX.XXX.XX.XXX www.google.com.ar
XXX.XXX.XX.XXX www.google.ch
XXX.XXX.XX.XXX www.google.cl
XXX.XXX.XX.XXX www.google.at
XXX.XXX.XX.XXX www.google.co.kr
XXX.XXX.XX.XXX www.google.ie
XXX.XXX.XX.XXX www.google.com.co
XXX.XXX.XX.XXX www.google.pl
XXX.XXX.XX.XXX www.google.pt
XXX.XXX.XX.XXX www.google.com.pk
XXX.XXX.XX.XXX www.google.co
e. Save and close. Double-check that this worked by restarting your browser, go back to https://www.google.com/safesearch and make sure you can’t disable safe search.
f. Next, to prevent you from tampering with the host file, open File Explorer and go to C:\Windows\System32\drivers\etc
Note, I don’t think you can do this part (g to i) on a Mac. As this is the case, Cold-Turkey recommends you use Qustodio or a similar program to fully block for porn and to prevent tampering. If anyone has a better way, let me know.
g. Right click the hosts file and click to Properties. In attributes, set it to Read-Only.
h. Next, go to ColdTurkey, click the title of Porn block. Click Continue with restrictions.
i. Go to Applications, click Add windows title. Type in “hosts properties”.
j. Next, create a new block. Add all the non-google search engines you know of (sorry Bing). Here’s a list you can use. Copy/pasting it to a .txt file, then importing it to ColdTurkey by Import → Websites from file.
altavista.com
aol.com
ask.com
av.com
baidu.com
bing.*
bing.com
brave.com
clusty.com
d.tube
dailymotion.com
dmoz.org
dogpile.com
duck.com
duckduckgo.com
ecosia.org
ecosia.org/?c=en
exactseek.com
excite.com
gibiru.com
gigablast.com
hakia.com
hotbot.com
iboogie.com
irazoo.com
ixquick.com
joinpeertube.org
lycos.com
mamma.com
metager.org
mojeek.com
msn.com
naver.com
neeva.co
qmamu.com
qwant.com
qwant.com/?l=en
scrubtheweb.com
search.aol.com
search.yahoo.com
searchencrypt.com
searx.me
seekz.com
seznam.cz
startpage.com
swisscows.com
teoma.com
webcrawler.com
webfetch.com
yahoo.*
yandex.com
yippy.com
you.com
zippy.co.uk
Making changes on a computer
It’ll happen that you need to add a website to the block list. ColdTurkey is good in that if you want to add a site or otherwise make any blocks more severe, it does not require the password. Just go to the block screen of ColdTurkey, click the block you want to modify and "continue with restrictions".
But it might happen that you need to, say, add a website to the Exception list. First, be sure that it is absolutely essential to do it now and then. Can you batch these for later and less frequent updating? I keep a little StickyNote with a list of sites to add on my next update.
So if you deem it essential, make sure you get into the right mindset. Don’t let yourself get complacent and frivolous. Take a few breathes to plug into the present moment.
Then mindfully go get the password… do what you have to do… then stash it right back. You will be in dangerous waters, with a slippery surface, so BE CAREFUL!
Here are the steps to take to make changes.
Open ColdTurkey, go to the blocks screen.
Always click the name of the block (never disable it!). Write in the password. Make the changes.
Close the program.
Go and replace your password back to its hiding spot.
No joke, pat yourself on the back for making it through unscathed.
Mac IOS – phones/ipad
ScreenTime offers the basic limits you will need to self-regulate. It’s “adult website” filter is good at detecting and blocking porn sites and porn searches, although you might need to manually add a few from time to time. The process is the same, even if you don't need to block porn.
Go to settings → screen time
Tap Content & Privacy Restrictions and activate it.
Tap Content Restrictions. Tap Web Content. Select “Limit Adult Websites”
Then add to the Never Allow list the sites you want to avoid.
a. I add Reddit.com and youtube.com so they don’t work on browsers, but then I still have moderate the apps in the next steps.
b. For YouTube, make sure to add m.youtube.com and i.youtube.com. Same for imgur.
For app blocking/regulating
5. go to back to Screen Time, tap into App limits.
6. Select the apps you want to regulate, then add a time limit depending on the day.
a. For some reason, you can’t set it to 0 minutes, so set it to 1 minute if you want to all out block them.
b. You can create multiple app groups if you want to set different durations.
(optional but recommended) go to iTunes & App store Purchases. For Installing Apps, select “don’t allow”.
I use this to prevent myself from getting any one of the million alternate Reddit apps or for mobile games. It also keeps me from cluttering my phone with too many new apps.
Alternatively, for Reddit, you could install all the Reddit clone apps—might take a while—then make a 1 minute block list (step 6), then delete all the apps. Kinda clunky as a method, but it works.
Finalize the blocks by setting and forgetting the passcode.
8. On a computer browser and in incognito mode, go to gmail.com and create a new dummy email address. Set the password as the same for Cold-Turkey. Don’t provide a backup phone number or email. Write down the dummy email address on the same paper as your password.
9. Still in incognito, go to https://appleid.apple.com/account. You’ll need to create a new Apple ID with that dummy email.
a. Use the same password
b. You'll want to be able to prevent the recovery of the password later by text a message. So Google “temporary phone number”, and go to the third or fourth result.
c. Click a US number. Copy it.
d. Go back to the Apple ID creation page and plug it in and send. If it says that the number was used too many times, go back to the search results and try a different site.
e. Once accepted, it’ll ask you to verify your email and then the number you put in. For the latter, the website that you took the number should be updated with a text from Apple with the code.
Back on your device's Settings → Screen Time, tap Set a Screen Time Passcode.
Annoyingly, you can only use 4 digit numerical passcodes, which is easy to remember. Here, you can either get someone else to set a random passcode, or do something to help forget the code.
a. Flip your phone upside down (this is to make it harder to recall the visual pattern of the code)
b. Tap in 4 digits randomly twice. Write the number somewhere, you’ll need it again in a minute.
c. To forget the code, I like to do something like google "pi to 100 digits" and try to memorize it for a minute.
It'll ask for a Passcode Recovery username. Use the dummy Gmail account that you created.
Until you set a passcode, you can't make App time limits unignorable. So you'll need to go back.
Tap App Limit. Tap the first list of apps. Plug in the passcode number.
a. For each set of apps, activate the “Block at End of Limit” switch.
a. You can discard the written passcode now and try to forget it.
Making changes for IOS devices
As with computers, it might happen that you need to make a change. First, be sure that it is essential to do it. I keep a little StickyNote with a list of sites or apps to add on my next update.
Next, make sure you get into the right mindset. Don’t let yourself get complacent and frivolous. Take a few breathes to plug into the present moment.
Then mindfully go get the password paper… do what you have to do… then bring it right back. You will be in dangerous waters, with a slippery surface, so BE CAREFUL!
Here are the steps to make a change.
Go to Screen time.
Tap “Change Screen Time Passcode” and then again “Change Screen Time Passcode”.
Just above the numerical pad, there should be a “Forgot Passcode?” tap that.
Plug in your dummy email and Password.
From there, you should be brought to step 11 from before. Make your changes and don’t forget step 13 if you add an app.
** If you performed step 7 (disallowed the installation of apps) it’s a good idea to unlock the installation of apps to update your existing ones (for some annoying reason, the lock prevent updates).
Go to Apps → profile (top right button with your avatar) → Update All.
Android mobile OS.
I tried.
I borrowed an old phone from a friend. I did some googling and some testing.
Unfortunately, I can’t provide a tried & tested fail-safe method for these devices. I have some tips, based on my research, but at the end of the day, I can’t confirm what works or how to set up your phone or tablet such that it definitively satisfies the criteria listed before. :(
So… if you by chance have a step by step method, and are willing to write it out, either post it as a comment to the Reddit link below, or DM it to me. I’ll then update this post. Many many thanks and sorrys.
For now, here are some basic tips:
There are some methods to block sites at the browser level—yet I doubt it would satisfy the criteria of it being unchangeable without a password. This site provides some ideas and how tos. https://www.androidcentral.com/how-block-websites-chrome-your-android-phone
Google put out their Screen-Time equivalent, Digital Wellbeing. I think this, combined with their Family Link app could do the trick for you. Here are Google's info pages https://wellbeing.google/for-everyone/ and https://www.android.com/intl/en_ca/digital-wellbeing/. Here's a blog post explaining its use. https://www.pcmag.com/how-to/how-to-use-android-pies-digital-wellbeing-app.
Alternatively, there are many 3rd party apps that you can install. Again I'm not sure which ones would satisfy the criteria. Most have a free version, otherwise their paid seems reasonable if it buys you freedom from compulsion and binges. Here is a site with many such examples https://luxafor.com/13-best-free-website-blocker-apps-for-office-productivity/
I found this website with some more advance approaches to blocking sites. https://www.lifewire.com/how-to-block-websites-android-4179021
Final words and plugs
I sincerely hope you found this helpful. If I made a mistake, if you know of a better, easier way, if something is unclear or you get stuck.... or if you think I’m sick in the brain and you have a pill to recommend for me, reply to this email, or let me know as a comment on Reddit. I’ll also make edits as needed. :)
Before I end this, I want to reiterate that all of us here are at different stages of our personal development journey. We’re all trying to get disciplined. It’s not an easy journey, today more than ever, so be prepared for obstacles, setbacks and failures.
Things like webblockers and Screen-Time limits are indispensable tools that you need to add and keep in your arsenal—but remember, at the end of the day, no blocking protocol can be 100% iron-clad irreversible. Either you’ll try to make it as such, but then one day you’ll regret it and rationalize doing something like reformatting your device… or you’ll have a password key that will always linger and nag at mind as a means to your vices.
So, never forget, you need to be compassionate with yourself when (not if) you inevitably falter.
The reality is that our tech habits are deeply ingrained in us. We don’t just watch YouTube or TikTok or whatever because it’s entertaining. We do such things as a means of distraction and relief from life’s stresses and worries. We use them for to pacify bad feelings—they are learned habits that started at an early age as an understandable coping mechanism for the inevitable ills of life.
Problem is, of course, too much of it causes more the problems we seek to avoid, so it becomes an ever amplifying feedback loop. As is the case with all vices, the medication both cures and causes the disease.
I talk all about this feedback loop and it’s effect on your motivation levels in the Habit Reframe Method. I encourage you to check it out if you haven’t already. Here’s a direct link.
I'll also be running again the free Group Accountability Program (HRMxGAP) on Discord, starting on February 11. Last time I ran it, it was really a fun experience and pretty much everyone saw big improvements in terms of dealing with procrastination and starting up on good habits. More info here, with a few reviews here.
Finally, though I made this as thorough as I possibly could to enable you to fully self-regulate, for a few of you this might not be good enough or feasible. Maybe it’s too confusing; maybe you just can’t trust yourself with that password and you have nobody to give it to.
If you wished you had someone to manage this part of your life for you—to keep safe and guard your password, to make the changes as needed without risking you having unregulated access, to keep a distant eye on the stats of your internet use—then shoot me message by replying direct. I might be able to help.
All the best.
- Simon ㋛